Dev C++ Software Link: Download
Hi! I am S S Kiran, Assistant Professor, Department of ECE
Thursday, 22 October 2026
Friday, 7 August 2026
Basic Electronics Engineering and Basic Definitions
Basic Electronics Engineering
UNIT – I: Semiconductor Fundamentals
Energy Band Theory, Conductors,
Semiconductors and Insulators, Intrinsic Semiconductors, Extrinsic
Semiconductors, Donor and Acceptor Impurities, Carrier Concentration, Drift
Current, Diffusion Current, Hall Effect, PN Junction Formation, Depletion
Region, Barrier Potential, Junction Capacitances and Semiconductor Materials
for Electronic Applications.
UNIT – II: Diodes and Special Semiconductor Devices
PN Junction Diode Characteristics, Diode
Current Equation, Diode Models, Zener Diode Characteristics and Voltage
Regulation, Schottky Diode, Varactor Diode, PIN Diode, Tunnel Diode, Avalanche
and Zener Breakdown Mechanisms, Applications of Special Semiconductor Diodes.
UNIT – III: Bipolar and Field Effect Transistors
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Construction,
Transistor Action, Transistor Currents, Transistor Configurations, Input and Output
Characteristics, Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) Construction and
Characteristics, MOSFET Construction, Depletion and Enhancement MOSFETs, Transfer
Characteristics and Comparison of BJT and FET Devices.
UNIT – IV: Power Semiconductor Devices
SCR Construction and Operation, SCR Characteristics,
Triggering Methods, DIAC, TRIAC, UJT, IGBT, Switching Characteristics, Protection
Techniques and Applications of Power Semiconductor Devices in Electronic
Systems.
UNIT – V: Optoelectronic and Microwave Semiconductor Devices
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Laser
Diodes, Photodiodes, Phototransistors, Opto-Couplers, Solar Cells, Display
Devices, Gunn diode, IMPATT Diode, TRAPATT Diode, BARITT Diode, Microwave
Semiconductor Devices and their Applications in Communication and Sensing
Systems.
Basic Electronics Engineering Basic Definitions
UNIT – I: Semiconductor Fundamentals
Energy Band Theory
Energy
Band Theory explains that electrons are arranged in different energy bands
separated by forbidden energy gaps.
Conductors
A conductor is a material in which
the valence band and conduction band overlap ( Eg=0 eV ), allowing
electrons to move freely.
Semiconductors
A semiconductor is a material with a
small energy band gap between the valence band and conduction band (Si: Eg=1.1 eV,
Ge: Eg=0.67 eV, GaAs: Eg=1.41 eV).
Insulators
An insulator is a material with a
large energy band gap between the valence band and conduction band ( Eg>5 eV
), preventing electrons from reaching the conduction band.
Intrinsic Semiconductors:
An intrinsic semiconductor is a pure
semiconductor without any added impurities, having an equal number of electrons
and holes.
Eg. Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge).
Extrinsic Semiconductors:
An extrinsic semiconductor is a
semiconductor formed by adding impurities to a pure semiconductor.
P-type
Semiconductor
(Doped with trivalent impurities such as Boron)
N-type
Semiconductor
(Doped with pentavalent impurities such as Phosphorus)
Donor Impurity
A donor
impurity is a pentavalent impurity that donates a free electron to a
semiconductor.
Donor Impurities: Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb)
Acceptor Impurity
An
acceptor impurity is a trivalent impurity that accepts an electron and creates
a hole in a semiconductor.
Acceptor Impurities: Boron (B), Aluminium (Al), Gallium (Ga)
Carrier Concentration
Carrier concentration is the number
of free charge carriers (electrons or holes) present in a unit volume of a
semiconductor.
Drift Current
Drift current is the current produced by the movement of charge carriers due to an applied electric field.
Diffusion Current
Diffusion current is the current produced by the movement of charge carriers from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
Hall Effect
Hall Effect is the generation of a transverse electric field (or Hall voltage) when a current-carrying conductor or semiconductor is placed in a magnetic field.
PN Junction Formation:
PN junction formation is the process
of joining P-type and N-type semiconductors to form a PN junction.
Depletion Region
The depletion region is a region
depleted of free electrons and holes due to recombination.
Barrier Potential
Barrier
potential is the voltage developed across the depletion region that prevents
the movement of charge carriers.
Typical
Values: Silicon (Si): 0.7V, Germanium (Ge): 0.3V
Junction Capacitances
Junction
capacitance is the capacitance developed across the depletion region of a PN
junction.
Types of
Junction Capacitance:
Transition
(Depletion) Capacitance – under reverse bias.
Diffusion
Capacitance – under forward bias.
Saturday, 18 April 2026
Smith Chart – Construction and Applications and Stub Matching - Single & Double
SMITH CHART AND APPLICATIONS
Smith chart is a polar plot of the reflection coefficient in terms of normalised impedance, r + jx. In other words, it is a graphical plot of normalised resistance and reactance in the reflection coefficient plane.
Smith Chart Tool : LINK
Construction of Smith Chart
It is constructed within a circle of unit radius
It can be used to:
1. find the parameters of mismatched transmission lines
2. find normalised admittance from normalised impedance or vice-versa
3. find VSWR for a given load impedance
4. design stubs for impedance matchings
5. find the reflection coefficient.
6. locate a voltage maximum on the line
7. find the input impedance of a transmission line.
STUBS :
A stub is a piece of transmission line. It can be short circuited at the far end or open circuited. It has a pure reactance or susceptance. It is used to cancel out reactance or susceptance of a transmission line. In other words, it is used for impedance matching.
In general, shorted stubs are more frequently used since open ended stubs tend to radiate. The design parameters of stubs are (1) stub length and (2) stub distance from the load. The matching of transmission lines is done by the design of a single stub or a double stub.
Design of Single Stub Matching :
DOUBLE STUBS:
or the design of any device, it is convenient to have more parameters in designer ’s control for more freedom. For this purpose, to match the load with the transmission line, a second stub of adjustable position is included. A typical double stub is
shown in Figure.
Problems on Smith Chart:
Tuesday, 24 March 2026
S S Kiran Publications
S S Kiran Publications 2025-26
2025-26 Conferences
1. AICTA-2025 (Milk Adulteration System)
S.
S. Kiran. Design of a Smart Milk
Adulteration Detection System using AI and Sensors. 3rd International Conference on Artificial
Intelligence, Computing Technologies, Internet of Things and Data Analytics
(AICTA-2025), Vizianagaram, India, 2025.
2. ESDA-2025 (Regenerative Braking – E-Bike)
Appalabathula Venkatesh, B. Kiranam, K. Gunasekharan,
S. S. Kiran, J. V. Suresh.
Real-World Validation of Regenerative
Braking-Enabled BLDC E-Bike with an Adaptive Battery Management in a
Sustainable Environment. 8th International Conference on Energy
Systems, Drives and Automations (ESDA-2025), Bhubaneswar, India, 2025.
3. IEEE GIEST-2025 (Low-Cost Innovative E-Bike)
Appalabathula Venkatesh, J. Vijaya Kumar, S. S.
Kiran, Durga Hemanth, Yannam Reddy, Rakesh Kona, Ramana Babu Sanapala. Design
and Development of a Low-Cost Innovative E-Bike with Integrated Speed Limiting
and Geometric Performance Testing: A Case Study Approach. 2025 IEEE 2nd
International Conference on Green Industrial Electronics and Sustainable
Technologies (GIEST-2025), NIT Jamshedpur, India, 2025.
Paper Link : IEEE
4. IEEE GIEST-2025 (AI-Based Signal
Light Management)
S. S. Kiran, K. Guru Charan, Appalabathula Venkatesh, L. Urmila, M. Sanjay, K. Sireesha. Design and Implementation of an AI-Controlled Density-Based Signal Light Management System for Sustainable Smart Cities Using STM32-Nucleo. 2025 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Green Industrial Electronics and Sustainable Technologies (GIEST-2025), NIT Jamshedpur, India, 2025.
Paper Link : IEEE
S. S. Kiran. Design of a Smart Waste Separation System for a Sustainable Future. International Conference on Innovations in Engineering and Technology (ICINVENTS-2025).
Ppaer Link : IEEE
6. IEEE GIEST-2025 (IoT-Based Fault Detection)
S. S. Kiran, Appalabathula Venkatesh, P. Jairam, S. Santhi Kumari, P. Yamini, P. Pradeep Kumar. Design of IoT-Based Smart Fault Detection System for Transmission Lines. 2025 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Green Industrial Electronics and Sustainable Technologies (GIEST-2025), NIT Jamshedpur, India, 2025.
Paper Link : IEEE
2025-26 Papers
1. K. Variations in total electron content (TEC) and earth’s magnetic field at some stage in quiet and disturbed days Kiran, S. S, Gurucharan, K., Anil Kumar, P, Aswini, A, Bhavani, A. and Tanmai, B, Recent Trends in VLSI and Semiconductor Packaging, Book Chapter 73, SMART - 2024 associate with B V Raju Institute of Technology, Edition1st Edition, Published in 2025, Pages: 8, (Taylor & Francis Book Chapter and Scopus)
2. Appalabathula Venkatesh, J. Vijaya Kumar, S. Phani Kumar, S. S. Kiran, K. Ashwini, L. Vijay and B. Muralidhar. A robust machine learning-based system for battery grading and life cycle prediction for electric vehicle applications. International Journal of Information Technology, Original Research Article, Published in 2025, Springer Nature, DOI: 10.1007/s41870-025-02712-9. (Scopus Indexed Journal).
3. Appalabathula Venkatesh, Shankar Nalinakshan, S. Phani Kumar, S. S. Kiran and K. Akash. Optimized control strategies for BLDC motor in sustainable energy systems: Enhancing stability and performance through intelligent controllers, filtering techniques and internal model control. Global Energy Interconnection, Journal Pre-Proof Article, Published in 2025, Elsevier, DOI:10.1016/j.gloei.2025.09.004. (Scopus Indexed Journal).
Paper Link : Jouranl
Thursday, 5 March 2026
Wednesday, 28 January 2026
Raspberry Pi and NVIDIA
Raspberry Pi
LED Blinking using Raspberry Pi : LED Blinking
Distance Measurement using Raspberry Pi and Ultrasonic Sensor : Ultrasonic Sensor
Power Point Presentation
Installation Process
Wednesday, 21 January 2026
Design Thinking Innovation Content and Project Titles Details
Design Thinking Innovation as Per Curriculum: Syllabus
Innovation and Design Thinking Modules
Innovative Designs : Video
Table of Contents
Module – 1
Understanding Design Thinking
Module – 2
Tools of Design Thinking
Module – 3
Design Thinking in Information Technology
Module – 4
Design Thinking for Strategic Innovation
Module – 5
Design Thinking Workshop
Module – 1
Understanding Design Thinking
Exam : PDF
Meaning of Design Thinking :
Design Thinking is not just the property of designers — all the great inventors of engineering, science, literature, art, music, and business have used it. Design thinking supports in developing, teaching, learning, and applying strategies to solve complications in a creative manner in the projects and processes of the business.
Definition of Design Thinking :
Design thinking is a term used to denote a set of strategic, conceptual, and practical processes in which design concepts are developed (product proposals, structures, equipment, communications, etc.). Many key concepts and aspects of design thinking have been identified through studies, across all different design fields, design concepts and design work in both laboratory and environmental contexts.
Design considerations are also linked to the establishment of products and services within the business and social environment. Some of these guidelines have been criticized for simplifying the design process and undermining the role of technical knowledge and skills.
Design Thinker in the organizations
Any individual who has the following traits can be a design thinker in the organization, namely
1. An individual who has a concern for the individuals and who knows the working challenges in the workplace
2. Knowledge of multi -functionality of the organization
3. Vision for developing right process in the organization
4. Capability to understand the problems on the job and ability to work on the problems related to the jobs of the organization.
Features of Design Thinking
The features of design thinking are as under
1. Design thinking understands from the perspective of the customers and provides solution for improving the product and service quality in the organization.
2. The role of design thinking is to collect feedback from the customers and employees by iteration of prototyping
3. Expanding the range of solutions to the problems identified in the organization and improving customer and employee satisfaction
4. Enable the design thinkers to develop new products, features or services to customer and process satisfaction.
5. Providing and eco-system through the interaction with the employees, technical capabilities and customers.
Stages of Design Thinking
We will focus on the five-phase Design Thinking model proposed by the Hasso-Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford (d.school). D.school is a leading university when it comes to teaching Design
Thinking. The five stages of design thinking, according to d.school, are as follows: Empathy, Explain (problem), Ideate, Prototype, and assessment. Let's take a look at five different categories of Design
Thinking
1. Empathy
The first step in the design process is to gain a critical understanding of the problem you are trying to solve. This involves consulting with experts to find out more about the area of concern, to consult and empathize with people to understand their experiences and motives, and to immerse themselves in a visible environment to gain a deeper personal understanding of the issues involved. Sensitivity is very important in a person-centered design process like Design thinking, and sensitivity allows designers to set aside their ideas about the world in order to gain an understanding of users and their needs. Depending on the time limit, a large amount of information is collected in this section for use during the next phase and to develop a better understanding of users, their needs, and the problems that underpin the development of that particular product.
2. Define
During the Define stage, you combine the information you have created and collected during the empathy phase. This is where you will analyze what you have seen and put it together to explain the core values that you and your team have identified so far. You should want to describe the problem as a problem statement in a person-centered way.
For example, instead of describing a problem as your wish or business need, such as, “We need to increase our market share of food products among young girls by 5%,” the best way to describe the problem would be, “Young girls need nutritious food to thrive, be healthy and grow.” Define Forum will help designers in your team come up with great ideas for creating features, functions, or any other features that will allow them to solve problems or, at the very least, allow users to solve problems themselves with minimal difficulty. In the Definition section you will begin to move on to the third phase, Ideate, by asking questions that can help you seek ideas for solutions by asking: "How can we ... a food product or company service?"
3. Ideate
During the third phase of the design thinking process, designers are ready to begin producing ideas. You have grown to understand your users and their needs in the Sensory section, and have
analyzed and summarized what you saw in the Define section, and ended up with a problem- focused problem statement. With this solid domain, you and your team members can start "thinking outside the box" to see new solutions to the problem statement you created, and you can start looking at other ways to look at the problem. Ideas at the end of the Ideation section to help you investigate and evaluate your ideas to find the best way to solve a problem or provide the necessary features to avoid it.
4. Prototype
The team of designers will now produce less expensive, discounted versions of the product or specific features found within the product, in order to be able to investigate solutions to problems developed in the previous section. Prototypes may be shared and tested within the team itself, in other departments, or in a small group of people outside the design team. This is the testing phase, and the aim is to identify the best solution for each problem identified during the first three phases. Solutions are applied to prototypes, and, individually, are investigated and adopted, developed and tested, or rejected on the basis of user knowledge. By the end of this section, the design team will have a better idea of the existing product problems and problems, and have a clear idea of how real users will behave, think, and feel about the product and services.
5. Test
Designers or testers firmly test the complete product using the best solutions identified during the simulation phase. This is the final stage of a 5-phase model, but with a recurring process, the results produced during the testing phase are often used to redefine one or more problems and inform users' understanding, usage conditions, and how people think. , behave yourself, and be sensitive, and compassionate. Even in this phase, changes and improvements are made to solve problems and gain as much insight into the product and its users as possible.
DTI Notes: Link
Design Thinking Innovation Project Titles and Details
Drive Link: DTI Projects Titles Link
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