Smith Chart – Construction and Applications and Stub Matching - Single & Double

 SMITH CHART AND APPLICATIONS

Smith chart is a polar plot of the reflection coefficient in terms of normalised impedance, r + jx. In other words, it is a graphical plot of normalised resistance and reactance in the reflection coefficient plane. 

Smith Chart Tool : LINK

Construction of Smith Chart

It is constructed within a circle of unit radius 

Applications of Smith Chart:

It can be used to:

1. find the parameters of mismatched transmission lines

2. find normalised admittance from normalised impedance or vice-versa

3. find VSWR for a given load impedance

4. design stubs for impedance matchings

5. find the reflection coefficient.

6. locate a voltage maximum on the line

7. find the input impedance of a transmission line.

STUBS :

A stub is a piece of transmission line. It can be short circuited at the far end or open circuited. It has a pure reactance or susceptance. It is used to cancel out reactance or susceptance of a transmission line. In other words, it is used for impedance matching.

In general, shorted stubs are more frequently used since open ended stubs tend to radiate. The design parameters of stubs are (1) stub length and (2) stub distance from the load. The matching of transmission lines is done by the design of a single stub or a double stub.

Design of Single Stub Matching :

DOUBLE STUBS:

or the design of any device, it is convenient to have more parameters in designer ’s control for more freedom. For this purpose, to match the load with the transmission line, a second stub of adjustable position is included. A typical double stub is

shown in Figure. 

Problems on Smith Chart:

S S Kiran Publications

 S S Kiran Publications 2025-26

2025-26 Conferences

1. AICTA-2025 (Milk Adulteration System)

S. S. Kiran. Design of a Smart Milk Adulteration Detection System using AI and Sensors.  3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computing Technologies, Internet of Things and Data Analytics (AICTA-2025), Vizianagaram, India, 2025.

2. ESDA-2025 (Regenerative Braking – E-Bike)

Appalabathula Venkatesh, B. Kiranam, K. Gunasekharan, S. S. Kiran, J. V. Suresh.
Real-World Validation of Regenerative Braking-Enabled BLDC E-Bike with an Adaptive Battery Management in a Sustainable Environment. 8th International Conference on Energy Systems, Drives and Automations (ESDA-2025), Bhubaneswar, India, 2025.

3. IEEE GIEST-2025 (Low-Cost Innovative E-Bike)

Appalabathula Venkatesh, J. Vijaya Kumar, S. S. Kiran, Durga Hemanth, Yannam Reddy, Rakesh Kona, Ramana Babu Sanapala.  Design and Development of a Low-Cost Innovative E-Bike with Integrated Speed Limiting and Geometric Performance Testing: A Case Study Approach. 2025 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Green Industrial Electronics and Sustainable Technologies (GIEST-2025), NIT Jamshedpur, India, 2025.

Paper Link : IEEE

4. IEEE GIEST-2025 (AI-Based Signal Light Management)

S. S. Kiran, K. Guru Charan, Appalabathula Venkatesh, L. Urmila, M. Sanjay, K. Sireesha. Design and Implementation of an AI-Controlled Density-Based Signal Light Management System for Sustainable Smart Cities Using STM32-Nucleo. 2025 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Green Industrial Electronics and Sustainable Technologies (GIEST-2025), NIT Jamshedpur, India, 2025.

Paper Link : IEEE

 5. ICINVENTS-2025 (Smart Waste Separation)

S. S. Kiran. Design of a Smart Waste Separation System for a Sustainable Future. International Conference on Innovations in Engineering and Technology (ICINVENTS-2025).

Ppaer Link : IEEE

 6. IEEE GIEST-2025 (IoT-Based Fault Detection)

S. S. Kiran, Appalabathula Venkatesh, P. Jairam, S. Santhi Kumari, P. Yamini, P. Pradeep Kumar. Design of IoT-Based Smart Fault Detection System for Transmission Lines. 2025 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Green Industrial Electronics and Sustainable Technologies (GIEST-2025), NIT Jamshedpur, India, 2025. 

Paper Link : IEEE

2025-26 Papers

1. K. Variations in total electron content (TEC) and earth’s magnetic field at some stage in quiet and disturbed days Kiran, S. S, Gurucharan, K., Anil Kumar, P, Aswini, A, Bhavani, A. and Tanmai, B, Recent Trends in VLSI and Semiconductor Packaging, Book Chapter 73, SMART - 2024 associate with B V Raju Institute of Technology, Edition1st Edition, Published in 2025, Pages: 8, (Taylor & Francis Book Chapter and Scopus)

2. Appalabathula Venkatesh, J. Vijaya Kumar, S. Phani Kumar, S. S. Kiran, K. Ashwini, L. Vijay and B. Muralidhar. A robust machine learning-based system for battery grading and life cycle prediction for electric vehicle applications. International Journal of Information Technology, Original Research Article, Published in 2025, Springer Nature, DOI: 10.1007/s41870-025-02712-9. (Scopus Indexed Journal).

 

3. Appalabathula Venkatesh, Shankar Nalinakshan, S. Phani Kumar, S. S. Kiran and K. Akash. Optimized control strategies for BLDC motor in sustainable energy systems: Enhancing stability and performance through intelligent controllers, filtering techniques and internal model control. Global Energy Interconnection, Journal Pre-Proof Article, Published in 2025, Elsevier, DOI:10.1016/j.gloei.2025.09.004. (Scopus Indexed Journal). 

Paper Link : Jouranl

All Software Link

 LT SPICE Software : Drive Link

Raspberry Pi and NVIDIA

Raspberry Pi

LED Blinking using Raspberry Pi : LED Blinking

Distance Measurement using Raspberry Pi and Ultrasonic Sensor : Ultrasonic Sensor

Power Point Presentation 

Pi PPT

NVIDIA

Installation Process

NVIDIA PPT

NVIDIA Installation Process Drive Link

Design Thinking Innovation Content and Project Titles Details

Design Thinking Innovation as Per Curriculum: Syllabus

Innovation and Design Thinking Modules 

Innovative Designs : Video

Table of Contents

Module – 1

Understanding Design Thinking

Module – 2

Tools of Design Thinking

Module – 3

Design Thinking in Information Technology

Module – 4

Design Thinking for Strategic Innovation

Module – 5

Design Thinking Workshop

Module – 1

Understanding Design Thinking

Meaning of Design Thinking :

Design Thinking is not just the property of designers — all the great inventors of engineering, science, literature, art, music, and business have used it. Design thinking supports in developing, teaching, learning, and applying strategies to solve complications in a creative manner in the projects and processes of the business.

Definition of Design Thinking :

Design thinking is a term used to denote a set of strategic, conceptual, and practical processes in which design concepts are developed (product proposals, structures, equipment, communications, etc.). Many key concepts and aspects of design thinking have been identified through studies, across all different design fields, design concepts and design work in both laboratory and environmental contexts.

Design considerations are also linked to the establishment of products and services within the business and social environment. Some of these guidelines have been criticized for simplifying the design process and undermining the role of technical knowledge and skills.

Design Thinker in the organizations

Any individual who has the following traits can be a design thinker in the organization, namely

1. An individual who has a concern for the individuals and who knows the working challenges in the workplace

2. Knowledge of multi -functionality of the organization

3. Vision for developing right process in the organization

4. Capability to understand the problems on the job and ability to work on the problems related to the jobs of the organization.

Features of Design Thinking

The features of design thinking are as under

1. Design thinking understands from the perspective of the customers and provides solution for improving the product and service quality in the organization.

2. The role of design thinking is to collect feedback from the customers and employees by iteration of prototyping

3. Expanding the range of solutions to the problems identified in the organization and improving customer and employee satisfaction

4. Enable the design thinkers to develop new products, features or services to customer and process satisfaction.

5. Providing and eco-system through the interaction with the employees, technical capabilities and customers.

Stages of Design Thinking

We will focus on the five-phase Design Thinking model proposed by the Hasso-Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford (d.school). D.school is a leading university when it comes to teaching Design

Thinking. The five stages of design thinking, according to d.school, are as follows: Empathy, Explain (problem), Ideate, Prototype, and assessment. Let's take a look at five different categories of Design

Thinking

1. Empathy

The first step in the design process is to gain a critical understanding of the problem you are trying to solve. This involves consulting with experts to find out more about the area of concern, to consult and empathize with people to understand their experiences and motives, and to immerse themselves in a visible environment to gain a deeper personal understanding of the issues involved. Sensitivity is very important in a person-centered design process like Design thinking, and sensitivity allows designers to set aside their ideas about the world in order to gain an understanding of users and their needs. Depending on the time limit, a large amount of information is collected in this section for use during the next phase and to develop a better understanding of users, their needs, and the problems that underpin the development of that particular product.

2. Define

During the Define stage, you combine the information you have created and collected during the empathy phase. This is where you will analyze what you have seen and put it together to explain the core values that you and your team have identified so far. You should want to describe the problem as a problem statement in a person-centered way.

For example, instead of describing a problem as your wish or business need, such as, “We need to increase our market share of food products among young girls by 5%,” the best way to describe the problem would be, “Young girls need nutritious food to thrive, be healthy and grow.” Define Forum will help designers in your team come up with great ideas for creating features, functions, or any other features that will allow them to solve problems or, at the very least, allow users to solve problems themselves with minimal difficulty. In the Definition section you will begin to move on to the third phase, Ideate, by asking questions that can help you seek ideas for solutions by asking: "How can we ... a food product or company service?"

3. Ideate

During the third phase of the design thinking process, designers are ready to begin producing ideas. You have grown to understand your users and their needs in the Sensory section, and have 

analyzed and summarized what you saw in the Define section, and ended up with a problem- focused problem statement. With this solid domain, you and your team members can start "thinking outside the box" to see new solutions to the problem statement you created, and you can start looking at other ways to look at the problem. Ideas at the end of the Ideation section to help you investigate and evaluate your ideas to find the best way to solve a problem or provide the necessary features to avoid it.

4. Prototype

The team of designers will now produce less expensive, discounted versions of the product or specific features found within the product, in order to be able to investigate solutions to problems developed in the previous section. Prototypes may be shared and tested within the team itself, in other departments, or in a small group of people outside the design team. This is the testing phase, and the aim is to identify the best solution for each problem identified during the first three phases. Solutions are applied to prototypes, and, individually, are investigated and adopted, developed and tested, or rejected on the basis of user knowledge. By the end of this section, the design team will have a better idea of the existing product problems and problems, and have a clear idea of how real users will behave, think, and feel about the product and services.

5. Test

Designers or testers firmly test the complete product using the best solutions identified during the simulation phase. This is the final stage of a 5-phase model, but with a recurring process, the results produced during the testing phase are often used to redefine one or more problems and inform users' understanding, usage conditions, and how people think. , behave yourself, and be sensitive, and compassionate. Even in this phase, changes and improvements are made to solve problems and gain as much insight into the product and its users as possible.

DTI Notes: Link

Design Thinking Innovation Project Titles and Details

Drive Link: DTI Projects Titles Link

Keil Software Link (LPC 1769)

 Keil Software Link (LPC 1769) 

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1qRtj5iZFb1woq0LL8ssG7gn74lHSIC7O?usp=drive_link

MP MC Lab Codes (8086 Emulator, MASM/TASM and Keil Softwares)

MICRO PROCESSORS AND MICRO CONTROLLERS LAB 
DOS-BOX Commands (Double Click on DOS-BOX Icon)
Use the command mount d d:\8086 to mount your directory and switch to the respective drive (D:).
Open Notepad or use the edit hello.asm command to write your code and save it as hello.asm.
Use masm hello.asm; to assemble the code and generate the object file.
Use link hello.obj; to link the object file and create an executable (hello.exe).
Use debug hello.exe to run the program in Debug mode.
Type q to quit Debug when you're finished.
END START
END START

3. Implement Sorting an array of random 8-bit binary numbers. 
DATA SEGMENT
ORG 3000H
STR DB 0D2H,3EH,76H,12H,0E3H,44H,2AH,69H
LEN EQU ($-STR)
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:
    MOV AX, DATA
    MOV DS, AX
    MOV CL, LEN-1
UPP:
    MOV DL, CL
    LEA SI, STR
UP:
    MOV AL, [SI]
    CMP AL, [SI+1]
    JBE LI
    XCHG AL, [SI+1]
    XCHG [SI], AL
LI:
    INC SI
    DEC DL
    JNZ UP
    DEC CL
    JNZ UPP
    INT 03
CODE ENDS
END START

Drive Link : Software Link

8086 Emulator codes

Addition:

start:

MOV AX, 0X2C

MOV BX, 0X98

ADD AX, BX

INT 03

Subtraction:

start:

MOV AX, 0XCC

MOV BX, 0X98

SUB AX, BX

INT 03

 

Multiplication:

start:

MOV AX, 0X2C

MOV BX, 0X98

MUL BX

INT 03

 

Division:

start:

MOV AX, 0X2C

MOV BX, 0X98

DIV BX

INT 03

·         Mount the directory:

·         Create the assembly file:

·         Assemble the code:

·         Link the object file:

·         Run the program:

·         Use Debug commands:

Type t to trace: Perform single-step verification (execute one instruction at a time).

Type g to run: Execute the complete code without pausing.

Type u to verify opcodes: Check and validate the compiled opcodes of the code.

Type r to view the registers: Displays the current values of registers.

Type d ds: Address: Dump the memory contents starting at the specified segment and address.

·         Exit Debug:

8086 MASM Codes

1. Perform simple arithmetic operations.

Addition -1

ASSUME CS: CODE

CODE SEGMENT

ORG 2000H

START:

    MOV AL, 5

    MOV BL, 3

    ADD AL, BL

    INT 03

CODE ENDS

END START

Addition -2(Clear AX)

ASSUME CS: CODE

CODE SEGMENT

ORG 2000H

START:

    MOV AX, 0000

    MOV AL, 5

    MOV BL, 3

    ADD AL, BL

    INT 03

CODE ENDS

END START

Subtraction Code

 

ASSUME CS: CODE

CODE SEGMENT

ORG 2000H

START:

    MOV AX, 0000H

    MOV AL, 05H

    MOV BL, 03H

    SUB AL, BL

    INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

Multiplication

ASSUME CS: CODE

CODE SEGMENT

ORG 2000H

START:

    MOV AX, 0000H

    MOV AL, 05H

    MOV BL, 03H

    MUL BL

    INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

Division

ASSUME CS: CODE

CODE SEGMENT

ORG 2000H

START:

    MOV AX, 0000H

    MOV AL, 05H

    MOV BL, 03H

    DIV BL

    INT 03H

CODE ENDS

1. Perform simple arithmetic operations.

 ADDITION:

ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

ORG 3000H

NUM1 DB 0A7H,23H,67H,9CH,5DH,2EH,0ECH

ORG 4000H

NUM2 DB 7CH,0BAH,4FH,77H,3AH,0E6H,48H

LEN EQU ($-NUM2)

ORG 5000H

RES DB LEN+1 DUP(0)

 DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

ORG 2000H

START:           MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV SI,OFFSET NUM1

 MOV DI,OFFSET NUM2

 MOV BP,OFFSET RES

CLC

MOV CX,LEN

UP:      MOV AL,[SI]

MOV BL,[DI]

 ADC AL,BL

MOV DS:[BP],AL

INC SI

INC DI

INC BP

LOOP UP

LAHF

AND AH,01

MOV DS:[BP],AH

INT 03

 CODE ENDS

END START

 

SUBTRACTION:

ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

ORG 3000H

NUM1 DB 0A7H,23H,67H,9CH,5DH,2EH,0ECH ORG 4000H

NUM2 DB 7CH,0BAH,4FH,77H,3AH,0E6H,48H

LEN EQU ($-NUM2)

ORG 5000H

 

RES DB LEN+1 DUP(0)

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

ORG 2000H

START:           MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV SI,OFFSET NUM1

MOV DI,OFFSET NUM2

MOV BP,OFFSET RES

 CLC

MOV CX,LEN

UP:      MOV AL,[SI]

MOV BL,[DI]

 SBB AL,BL

MOV DS:[BP],AL

INC SI

INC DI

INC BP

 LOOP UP

MOV AH,00

 JNC L1

INC AH

L1:       MOV DS:[BP],AH

INT 03

CODE ENDS

 END START

MULTIPLICATION:

ASSUME CS:SEG2,DS:SEG1

SEG1 SEGMENT       

ORG 5000H

N1 DW 45B3H

 ORG 6000H

N2 DW 0A599H

ORG 6500H

RES DW 02 DUP(0)

 SEG1 ENDS

SEG2 SEGMENT

 ORG 2000H

START: MOV AX,SEG1

 MOV DS,AX

LEA BX,N1

LEA SI,N2

MOV AX,[BX]

MOV CX,[SI]

MUL CX

LEA SI,RES

 MOV [SI],AX

 ADD SI,02

MOV [SI],DX

INT 03

SEG2 ENDS

 END START

DIVISION:

32BIT/16BIT UNSIGNED DIVISION:

ASSUME CS:PROG, DS:INFO

 INFO SEGMENT

ORG 3000H

DIVDEN DD 855D0100H

ORG 4000H

DIVSOR DW 411AH

ORG 5000H

RES DW 02 DUP(0)

INFO ENDS

PROG SEGMENT

ORG 2000H

START:           MOV AX,INFO

MOV DS,AX

MOV SI,OFFSET DIVDEN

 MOV DI,OFFSET DIVSOR

MOV BX,[DI]

MOV AX,[SI]

ADD SI,02

MOV DX,[SI]

 DIV BX

MOV SI,OFFSET

RES MOV [SI],AX

ADD SI,02

MOV [SI],DX

 INT 03

PROG ENDS

 END START

2. Construct program for Addition of an array of BCD numbers stored in packed form.

ASSUME CS:PROG,DS:INFO

INFO SEGMENT

ORG 3000H

 HOW DB 05H

ORG 3500H

 

NUMS DB 23H,45H,67H,56H,89H

ORG 5000H

RES DB 02 DUP(0)

 INFO ENDS

PROG SEGMENT

START: MOV AX,INFO

MOV DS,AX

MOV AH,00

 MOV CL,HOW-1

MOV SI,OFFSET NUMS

MOV AL,[SI]

CONTINUE:ADD AL,[SI+1]

DAA

JNC NOUPDATE

INC AH

NOUPDATE:INC SI

DEC CL

JNZ CONTINUE

 LEA DI,RES

 MOV [DI],AX

INT 03

PROG ENDS

Exp- 4 Produce the reverse of the given string.

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA,ES:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

ORG 4000H

STR1 DB "MICROPROCESSORS"

LEN EQU ($-STR1)

ORG 5000H

STR2 DB 20H DUP(00)

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START:  MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV ES,AX

LEA SI,STR1

MOV DI, OFFSET STR2

ADD DI,LEN

DEC DI

MOV CX,LEN

LI: CLD

LODSB

STD

STOSB

LOOP LI

INT 03

CODE ENDS

END START

Verification at 
-d ds: 4000

-d ds: 5000

Exp-5 Show the Deletion of a Character from a String.

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA,ES:EXTRA

DATA SEGMENT

ORG 3000H

MSG DB "MICROPROCESSORS"

LEN EQU ($-MSG)

DATA ENDS

EXTRA SEGMENT

ORG 4000H

NEW DB 20H DUP(00)

EXTRA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START:  

MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV AX, EXTRA

MOV ES, AX

MOV CX, LEN

LEA SI, MSG

LEA DI, NEW

CLD

UP:

LODSB

CMP AL, 'P'

JNZ L1

JMP L2

L1:STOSB

L2:LOOP UP

INT 03

CODE ENDS

END START

Verification at

-D 076A:3000

-D 0A6B:4000

MPMC-Basic R23 - Part - B: LAB Manual