Voltage to Current Converter
A
voltage to current converter is used for low voltage DC and AC voltmeter, LED
and Zener Diode Tester. Voltage to Current Converter is used in Voltmeters
hence here we can observe device and its internal board.
Voltage to Current Converter is also used for Zener
Diode Test
Simple Voltage to Current Converter
When we confer about the connection between voltage and current, it
is obvious to mention the Ohm’s law.
Voltage to Current Converter Using Op-Amp
Op-amp is implemented to
simply convert the voltage signal to corresponding current signal. The Op-amp
used for this purpose is IC LM741. This Op-amp is designed to hold the precise
amount of current by applying the voltage which is essential to sustain that current through out the
circuit. They are of two types that are explained in detail below.
Types:
a.
Floating Load Voltage to Current Converter
b.
Ground Load Voltage to Current Converter
Floating
Load Voltage to Current Converter
As
the name indicates, the load resistor
is floating in this converter circuit. That is, the resistor RL is
not linked to ground. The voltage, VIN which is the input voltage is
given to the non-inverting input terminal. The inverting input terminal is
driven by the feedback voltage which is across the RL resistor. This
feedback voltage is determined by the load current and it is in series with the
VD, which is the input difference voltage. So this circuit is also
known as current series negative feedback amplifier.
For
the input loop, the voltage equation is
Since
A is very large,
Since,
the input to the Op-amp
From
the above equation, it is clear that the load current depends on the input
voltage and the input resistance.
That is, the load current,
, which is the input voltage. The load current
is controlled by the resistor,
R. Here, the proportionality constant is 1/R. So, this converter circuit is
also known as Trans-Conductance Amplifier. Other name of this circuit is
Voltage Controlled Current Source. The type of load may be resistive, capacitive
or non-linear load. The type of load has no role in the above equation. When
the load connected is capacitor
then it will get charge or discharge at a steady rate. Due to this reason, the
converter circuit is used for the production of saw tooth and triangular wave
forms.
Ground
Load Voltage to Current Converter
This
converter is also known as Howland Current Converter. Here, one end of the load
is always grounded. For the circuit analysis, we have to first determine the
voltage, VIN and then the relationship or the connection between the
input voltage and load current can be achieved.
For
that, we apply Kirchhoff’s
current law at the node V1
For
a non-inverting amplifier, gain is
Here,
the resistor,
Hence
the voltage in the output will be
Thus,
we can conclude from the above equation that the current IL is
related to the voltage, VIN and the resistor,
R.
Application of Voltage to Current Converter
·
Zener
diode tester
·
Low
AC and DC Voltmeters
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